The human society today Essay Example for Free

The human culture today Essay There are a few reasons of bias in the human culture today. Unquestionably the differing circumstance among the human populace in the general public today makes the said circumstance a lot harder to manage. This is the motivation behind why a movement to propose a program that will deal with the troubles that few people experience on account of partiality will be introduced thus. The said program application will be founded on a specific report that will be founded on the investigates that had been utilized and performed by different specialists before to reinforce the explanation that bias is in reality an immense issue in the general public. The joining of meeting systems inside the examination procedure will likewise be among the most accommodating components that will be used by the specialist of this investigation in order to fortify the approval of the informations introduced in this. II. Survey of Literature At present, one of the most concerning and disturbing sociological issues is the idea of partiality between every individual or social gathering. Preference is essentially like segregation as this idea includes the unfavorable view and interactional relationship or treatment between the prevailing and latent social orders. In a real sign, preference can cause wrongdoings and brutality between the social gatherings and even outcome a sociological or political burden of approval against one specific culture. The idea of partiality is essentially brought about by the distinctions in the general public in at least one critical concern. For instance, in the physical level, stylish physical worth can either cause a positive or negative impact on the social view towards that person. Other comparable elements are the issues of genealogical foundation or race, societal position, monetary demeanor, strict association and others can likewise cause a comparable situation coming about to partiality towards an individual or social gatherings. Contrasts in the individual or social perspectives in these fields can cause strife and segregation in the general public coming about to unfriendly perspectives and social origination towards the other social gathering or individual. Bias can either posts constructive or adverse effect on the general public when all is said in done or in close to home level. Thinking about the positive outcome. Unfriendly judgment or perspectives can result to social boundaries specific to a particular individual or social gathering, which can see as preventions and testing obstructs over the span of accomplishment of the concerned party. In this situation, by taking a gander at the segregation perspective as without a doubt a test, prejudism can advance quick turn of events and improvement especially on the beset party as the person in question of them battle to defeat that antagonistic judgment. Then again, prejudism can likewise cause social useless and further isolation of the individuals for the most part on the off chance that it is practice in increasingly close to home level. Prejudism can create additional contention and uniqueness as the individuals respond adversely on the issue mostly whenever done in a closer vicinity. Consequently, the impact of prejudism is generally subject to the individual perspectives and social point of view of the individuals as they respond and towards the said and how they battle to defeat the antagonistic judgment towards them. III. Subjects for Interviewing For the procedures of this investigation, there would be four people who might be the essential interviewees for the subject. Every one of the said four have a place with a specific race and are getting harsh responses from the general public that they are living with. (A) John is a 30-year old, white, a secondary school graduate, utilized as a handyman who is hitched to a Mexican-American spouse, and the dad of two children† or (B) Sarah is a multi year-old young ladies who is single, an understudy, and an African American dating a white understudy from a similar school. (C) Michael is a 25-year old person who is filling in as a bellboy in a lodging, a youthful Filipino man who is right now wedded to a Latina and is living at a little loft in California. (D) Myrna is a 31-year old woman who was initially arranged in China. She is at present hitched to an American man and a mother to a kid who is simultaneously dating a white American. IV. Instrumentation The essential instrumentation used for this examination are the inquires about that had been introduced previously by different aficionados of the issue. Through inspecting the literary works that were fundamentally used to think of the significant cases in this investigation, the introduction of the issue is somewhat fortified and performed with lucidity. Later on, the joining of the meeting results further fortifies the methodology of the examination as far as fact and life-exactness of the cases and data introduced thus. V. Discoveries: Summary of the Literature From the writing checked on, it could be noticed that partiality is in fact a social ‘cancer’ that needs abundant consideration and guideline in order to standardize the circumstance that most minors experience from managing the locals of the land that they are living in. No doubt, the written works that were audited thus make the informations of the examination progressively solid and explained for better peruser getting purposes. VI. Discoveries: Summary of Interviews The meetings performed by the scientist in this paper further explains the issue in a realized view that normally builds the information on the perusers dependent on life-based encounters that were connected by the interviewees themselves. The effect of the said issue to them suggests the genuine score of the circumstance in a real proportion of the social issue being managed. VII. â€Å"Prejudice Checklist† †¢ Education †¢ Racial Affiliation †¢ Religion and convictions †¢ Economical Diversity †¢ Age and Gender VIII. Youth Program to Overcome Prejudice During the gatherings, the territory where it would be held is relied upon to have at any rate 15 seats to hold the specific number of the individuals from the gathering. Moreover, release sheets and conversation sheets ought to likewise be available to have the option to introduce the advancement of the program to the individuals from the whole gathering. (Marton, 1997, 32) The guidelines are straightforward; individuals who are to join the tasks ought to be noted to have their consideration centered upon the advancements of the people that they are supporting. The motivation that they are experiencing their crowd ought to be showed through the demonstrations of the youthful ones. The individuals who are taking care of the down to earth use of the program should monitor the improvements of the people and how they are straightforwardly influencing the lives of the individuals in their locale.

Writing a Good Writing Paper

Writing a Good Writing PaperBest writing paper is a requirement to get into college or university. A good composition in essay form is required to finish the project, or be awarded with a good grade. This article will teach you how to prepare for the best writing paper.For getting good grades in school or college, a good composition in essay form is always required. However, this needs preparation. First of all, writing a good composition is dependent on many factors. One of those factors is your ability to construct a good thesis statement.There are few ways to write a perfect composition. First of all, one needs to know their topic area. You can use a topic area generator to help you determine what subject you are going to write about. Once you know your topic, the next step to writing a composition is to organize your thoughts and ideas.One of the best way to organize your thoughts is to list down all the different things that you need to write. In the first paragraph, it would be useful to have a short statement to describe your topic. Then, list down all the different things that come into the topic. In the next paragraph, you should list down the best arguments of each argument that you have listed down in the previous paragraph. For example, the statement 'If I am a dog then ...' should be written by starting with the words 'if I am...' and moving through the different topics that you have listed down in the first paragraph.Finally, you should think of the things that you want to say. In this case, you should write the abstract before the main body of the essay. In the abstract, you should not worry about elaborating on what you want to say but you should try to express the important points that you want to make. In the final paragraph, you should include your research and as many facts as possible.In writing a thesis statement, you should try to put your ideas and thoughts in the right angle. You should have a very good knowledge of the topic that you a re writing about. One thing you can do to gain the right angle is to look for the specific words that are used in a dissertation or thesis.Another way to gain the right angle is to look for the names of main subjects, sub-topics, and chapters. By looking at the names, you can find the key words that you can use in your writing. Just make sure that the key words are used properly in your composition.After practicing the techniques above, you will be able to write a good composition. Practice writing and revise until you are satisfied that your composition is as good as it can be.

J.K. ROWLINGS HARRY POTTER SERIES FANTASY FOR CHILDREN AND NOTHING MORE essays

J.K. ROWLING'S HARRY POTTER SERIES FANTASY FOR CHILDREN AND NOTHING MORE papers Inside the most recent eight years or something like that, the artistic works of J.K. Rowling, specifically her profoundly famous arrangement of dim dream books focused on the character of Harry Potter, has created a lot of social debate dependent on her utilization of divination and mystery so as to relate the fabulous experiences of Harry, a best in class wizard and specialist of the supposed dark expressions. as anyone might expect, the most vocal adversaries to Rowling's Harry Potter arrangement can be found inside the strict network which has seen Rowling's works with much doubt, because of what they see as an unmitigated endeavor by Rowling to present naive youngsters to expressions of the human experience and practice of enchantment, divination, black magic and otherworldliness by means of the activities and quandaries of Harry Potter. Be that as it may, this perspective, taken predominately by the Christian people group, is in light of the conventional beliefs of sorted out religion which for a considerable length of time has endeavored, absent a lot of progress, to dismiss individuals from any artistic work that conflicts with the lessons and beliefs of Christian idea and Incredible writing, as spoke to in Rowling's Harry Potter arrangement, is one of the most convincing of every single abstract kind, for as E.F. Bleiler brings up, the embodiment of the incredible for the most part requests from the peruser a specific level of creative mind and a limit with respect to separation from regular day to day existence (12). For some perusers, dim dream is the kind of story which is absolutely unessential to this present reality, and, generally, manages enchantment and the extraordinary. In contrast to sci-fi, it isn't in view of logical research yet unadulterated creative mind and requires the peruser to absolutely suspend his/her skepticism. Likewise, generally incredible enchantment and the otherworldly which will in general illuminate the peruser that the occasions The plotlines in most fantast... <!

4 pieces of career advice no one will give you

4 bits of profession guidance nobody will give you You’ve heard all the works of art previously (counting from us!): revamp constantly your resume. Practice your non-verbal communication. Keep your system evergreen, since no one can really tell when you’ll need it. These are exceptionally significant and helpful hints for anyone’s vocation, regardless of what the business. However, on the off chance that you’re simply beginning, there are some more†¦off-the-record things that everybody learns the most difficult way possible, yet individuals don’t truly talk about. Let’s take a gander at a portion of the things that happen to the majority of us, yet aren’t essentially in the vocation guides. 1. You’re going to fall flat (sometimes)That sounds too unforgiving and critical, isn't that so? In any case, it’s additionally obvious. You’re not going to bomb constantly, or more often than not don’t stress. However, now and then, things will go severely, and you will run into the large â€Å"F.† It happens to us all the straight-An overachievers, the person who doesn’t care, the prepared proficient. Once in a while things just aren’t going to work out positively. And keeping in mind that it very well may be upsetting, particularly on the off chance that it prompts negative criticism or expert results, you must have the option to ingest it, take what exercises you can, and proceed onward. Also, when it occurs, recollect that you’re not the only one, and that probably the most significant exercises originate from falling all over once in a while.2. Set work-life limits earlyAt the beginning of any new position or profession way, you need to set an incredible early introduction. The person who begins early (or is flawlessly on time each day), remains late, deftly reacts to a night-time email. Here’s the issue with that approach: it can transform into business as usual rapidly, as individuals begin to expect t hat your hard-charging ways are only the manner in which you work and what they can anticipate from you. This isn't to state you should relax, or attempt to set desires low. Or maybe, ensure you’re marking out close to home limits and that you have individual outlets that equalization out the activity. On the off chance that you don’t have an exercise schedule, or de-focusing on movement, or something that keeps you upbeat and satisfied outside of work, that’s a most optimized plan of attack to burnout.3. Don’t take everything so seriouslyYes, your profession is significant. Indeed, you ought to be a solid supporter for yourself and not take poop from anybody. In any case, if you’ve got your Game Face on constantly grinding away, you risk distancing colleagues, supervisors, anybody on the less than desirable finish of your â€Å"don’t play with me† vibe. Being adaptable (and ready to make a stride back and relax) when fundamental will assist you with keeping a sort of harmony at work.4. It’s alright to have sham syndromeYou’ve most likely caught wind of â€Å"imposter syndrome,† where individuals feel like they’re insufficient at their occupations and that every other person is on the cusp of making sense of that they don’t have a place there. Turns out, a little frailty can go far toward helping your vocation. In the event that you feel a staggering feeling of mediocrity, that could imply that you need all the more preparing or direction. However, in the event that you sense that you could take that feeling and direct it into proficient turn of events, or working all the more effectively, at that point it very well may be a help to your career.No matter what your identity is, regardless of what work you do, the most significant vocation counsel of everything is â€Å"don’t worry.† As long as you’re striving to develop yourself at each progression of your p rofession, you don’t consistently need to stress over whether you’re following the correct guidance it simply must be appropriate for you and your objectives.

Definition and Examples of Stasis in Classical Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Stasis in Classical Rhetoric In traditional talk, balance is the procedure of, first, distinguishing the focal issues in a contest, and next discovering contentions by which to address those issues adequately. Plural: staseis. Additionally called balance hypothesis or the balance framework. Balance is a fundamental asset of development. The Greek rhetorician Hermagoras of Temnos recognized four significant sorts (or divisions) of balance: Latin coniectura, guessing about the reality at issue, regardless of whether something had been done at a specific time by a specific individual: e.g., Did X really kill Y?Definitiva, whether a conceded activity falls under the legitimate meaning of a wrongdoing: e.g., Was the conceded killing of Y by X murder or homicide?Generalis or qualitas, the issue of the nature of the activity, including its inspiration and conceivable support: e.g., Was the homicide of Y by X here and there legitimized by the circumstances?Translatio, issue with the lawful procedure or transference of locale to an alternate council: e.g., Can this court attempt X for a wrongdoing when X has been given invulnerability from arraignment or cases the wrongdoing was submitted in another city? See Examples and Observations underneath. Additionally observe: ArgumentationDissoi LogoiExigenceInventionJudicial RhetoricMetastasisTopoi EtymologyFrom the Greek, position. putting, position Models and Observations In spite of the fact that he perceived the need to characterize the inquiry at issue in a preliminary, Aristotle didn't build up a hypothesis to cover the different prospects, nor did he utilize the term balance. . . . The word actually implies stand, standing, position, depicts the position of a fighter toward an adversary, and maybe was moved from that setting to the stand taken by a speaker toward a rival. Quintilian (3.6.23) saw the impact of Aristotles argumentative classifications of substance, amount, connection, and quality on ideas of balance, which in Latin is called constitutio or status.(George A. Kennedy, A New History of Classical Rhetoric. Princeton University. Press, 1994)Hermagoras was the most significant supporter of balance hypothesis before the second century AD and made balance hypothesis a substantially more significant piece of the logical educational plan. Be that as it may, just pieces of crafted by Hermagoras have been safeguarded. Present day information o n the development of balance hypothesis is gotten essentially from Rhetorica promotion Herennium and Ciceros De Inventione.(Arthur R. Emmett, Hermogenes of Tarsus: Rhetorical Bridge From the Ancient World to the Modern. Rediscovering Rhetoric,â ed. by Justin T. Gleeson and Ruth C. A. Higgins. Alliance Press, 2008) The Stasis SystemIn Book One of De Inventione, Cicero examines a framework for thoroughly considering a legal case, called the balance (battle or halting point) framework. A hopeful rhetorician could get familiar with the expertise by examining a case by separating the discussion into the imaginable issues of contention, or halting focuses. . . .Understudies examining a balance framework figured out how to thoroughly consider cases by following the focuses at which contradictions were probably going to emerge. These purposes of balance, or battle, . . . separated a mind boggling case into its segment parts or questions. Contentions applicable to inquiries of certainty, definition, and quality were practiced and therefore incorporated into the understudies example of thinking.(James A. Herrick, The History and Theory of Rhetoric. Allyn Bacon, 2008)The Stasis Doctrine: Three QuestionsThe balance regulation, a methodology for deciding pertinent issues, was a staple idea for the Roman rh etoricians. As indicated by the least difficult translation of this precept, three inquiries are engaged with the essence of a given case: (1) Did anything occur? an approximate inquiry replied by physical proof; (2) What name ought to be applied to what was the deal? an inquiry replied by exact definitions; (3) What kind of an activity right? a subjective request permitting the speaker to indicate relieving circumstances.Additional material could be illustrated by utilizing the topics.(Donovan J. Ochs, Ciceros Rhetorical Theory. A Synoptic History of Classical Rhetoric, third ed., by James J. Murphy and Richard A. Katula. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2003) The Stasis Doctrine Applied to Yogi BearTo return for a second to Jellystone Park, theoretical balance would have us approach whether Yogi Bear was answerable for the vanishing of the cookout crate, definitional balance whether he snatched it and snaffled the substance, subjective balance whether the local laws of Jellystone Park preclude the robbery of outing containers, and translative status whether the supposed burglary ought to be attempted in a human court or whether this stealing wild creature ought to be immediately shot by a recreation center ranger.(Sam Leith, Words Like Loaded Pistols: Rhetoric From Aristotle to Obama. Fundamental Books, 2012)Stasis hypothesis has right up 'til the present time practiced significant impacts on the advancement of Western law, regardless of whether the degree of express consideration regarding the conventions of balance in the explanatory just as the legitimate writing has vacillated greatly.(Hanns Hohmann, Stasis, in Encyclopedia of Rhetori c, ed. Thomas O. Sloane. Oxford University Press, 2001) Elocution: STAY-sister Otherwise called: balance hypothesis, issues, status, constitutio Exchange Spellings: staseis

I Love Lucy Continued

I Love Lucy Continued Post continued from my last post. But first, an interesting remark: I said BRB, homework, and it took a week. Thats not unusual, for MIT; running into consecutive deadline after deadline until you dont know what happened to your week. Fortunately, its not most weeks of the term that you have such an experience; if you plan your schedule right, those weeks are far enough apart that its worth it. So, now, a post about keeping a car in the city. I love to drive; Ive for a long time been very comfortable behind the wheel, and I relax most when Im listening to the radio and driving (in a still-fully-attentive sorta way). Ive grown up on the stations in MA; my presets are ordered such that 104.1 is between 93.7 and 100.7. If that makes no sense, you havent been living in MA quite long enough :) Ive had my share of driving mishaps, but nothing too egregious; before coming to MIT, I had one ticket to my name and one towing. It was little enough that I decided I would try to bring my car here and keep it in the city. However, MIT parking is prohibitively expensive, with good reason: space is limited in the city, and MITs priority is to provide spaces for commuting faculty. Its not in their best interests to have students driving from East Campus to LaVerdes, after all; however, in the cold of winter, or the near-flash floods of September, some students such as myself like to be able to run errands in moderate comfort. Plus, its nice to only go grocery shopping once every other week rather than twice a week, because a car lets me carry back far too many gallons of orange juice. Thats not all I keep the car around for; having moved twice this summer (!!), its almost a necessity to be able to drive to and from my house on my own schedule. And when a friend suggests a trip to Maker Faire NYC, its more fun to split the cost of gas than it is to pay to sit for four hours on a bus (more on that to come). Ive also been known to make many a 5am trip to a local IHOP (about which I suspect one certain commenter will have something to say (cough cough Amy)). Instead of paying for MIT parking, though, I keep my car on the street. Its a bit of a dance, avoiding parking tickets; knowing what days they do street sweeping, knowing which spots will be free at which hours, and knowing where to park your car between safe periods. Most of the time, I can make it work out, but I think it requires a certain lifestyle that not everybody is willing to have. Sometimes, I cant. I was originally planning on finishing this post on Wednesday. Between a work deadline and the start of my next assignment, however, something came up. I was heading to my car to drive to the mall when, thirty feet away, I see a different car parked in the spot. Immediately I stopped and turned around, $140 lighter. Things I should put on my calendar: street sweeping. It wasnt all bad, however; I got to hop on my shiny new bicycle (thanks, Microsoft! For paying for near half of it, anyway) and ride into Allston to pick up my vehicle, cash in hand. Since Id been itching to get in some time on the new bike before the cold really sets in, I was moderately grateful; on top of that, I found a voucher for $50 in my rain coat pocket that Id lost seven months ago! It reminded me a little bit of the episode of Seinfeld in which Jerry discovers he always breaks even, minus $90 from my savings account. Oh well. I paid the $115 for my car, put my bike in the back (another reason I love my 98 Ford Explorer), and drove home (MIT, that is; home wouldve been 10 minutes further in a different direction). By the way, the other $25 of the $140? That comes from one of the greatest scams in the area: DCR parking tickets. If you get a parking ticket from the Department of Conservation and Recreation, youd better hope you can find a checkbook; if not, youre screwed. Although most parking tickets in Cambridge are handled by the city and can be paid over the phone or online with a credit card, parking tickets on Memorial Drive are handled by the *state*. If you get towed on a state road, then after you pay for your car you get that wonderful Christmas-morning feeling when you see the parking ticket on your windshield in the tow lot. The state must still be programming their systems with punchcards, too, because not only do you have to pay this ticket in cash if you dont have a checkbook, that is, or cant find it you have to pay it in person, at an office with very little parking nearby before 4PM on a weekday. This means you have to somehow get over there on foot, before 4PM as if you don t have classes with mandatory attendance, or as if you dont have a job with exact change. If youve been busy for the last 3 weeks, and its been more than the 21 days youre given to pay your ticket? No big deal, theres just a late fee. Want to know how much it is? Better consult your Ouija board. Your only hope is to call the office and get the exact number from them, but whenever I try it that seems tough to do two days in one week I was told that the only person who could help me was either out for the day or had left early (at noon!). Whats that? Youll just bring extra cash? Oh, they dont make change. *edit: it might be 5PM, actually. I forget. They dont even list the open hours online; you have to call to find out. Whatever. Grumble, grumble, grumble. So maybe that rant was a little over-the-top; try asking me about it again when I dont have to try to make it over to the middle of Boston between German (12-1PM) and math (3-4PM) on one of two busy weekdays. My answer will probably be a little more reasonable. Anyway, its frustrating to keep a car in the city. I feel that Im pretty good about it, driving several times a week and keeping close track of street sweeping and other such emergencies. I get towed about twice a year, and maybe earn myself one or two parking tickets on top of that. It still comes out to a heck of a lot less than the MIT parking charges, though (with much less reliability, timeslot availability, peace of mind, etc etc etc), but its a luxury I still decide is worth it to me, and one Im still willing to pay for. However, for those of you thinking about bringing a car into the city, think carefully about it. (I just secretly want all the street parking for myself). By the way, the title? When, a number of years ago, my family bought the car that I currently own, my mom gave it the name Lucy. Yours, Grumbly Old Man Cam

Intersectionality in Literature from Postcolonial Countries - Literature Essay Samples

Sacrifice in women’s writing often revolves around two different definitions of the word. The first definition is to voluntarily give something up of value, while the second definition is to offer or kill, often in a ceremonial fashion. Women’s writing has a recurring motif of sacrifice where female characters are the object of a sacrifice or sacrifice something of their own, and in either case these sacrifices are usually overseen or ordered by men for the benefit of men. What differs, however, is the nature of women’s sacrifice and this difference is often dependent on their individual circumstances, these circumstances creating different environments and practices for the treatment of women. In Anita Desai’s Clear Light of Day, for example, the Indian middle class Bimla Das partially sacrifices her autonomy to care for her autistic brother. Contrastingly, in Ahdaf Soueif’s Aisha the Egyptian lower class Zeina is sacrificed through the practice of child marriage. These two texts show that the nature of a woman’s sacrifice is dependent on her individual circumstance. This essay will argue that Clear Light of Day and Aisha exemplify how an individual’s circumstances in life change the meaning of sacrifice in relation to women, looking at how Bim of a Clear Light of Day voluntarily chooses to participate in her sacrifice while Zeina of Aisha, due to the community she is a part of, has no such choice. Judith Butler writes: ‘By conforming to a requirement of representational politics that feminism articulate a stable subject, feminism thus opens itself to charges of gross misrepresentation.’[1] Butler is talking about the issue of intersectionality and how feminism, through ignoring intersectionality, disenfranchises a large number of women. The idea of a ‘universal woman’, the supposed ‘stable subject’ of feminism, is ludicrous. Butler critiques feminists who fail to see the ways in which issues of class, race, sexuality, disability, and religion overlap with the issue of sexism. There is no ‘universal woman’ but rather an array of women whose circumstances differ and who face sexism in different ways. Virginia Woolf’s feminist essay A Room of One’s Own is most likely of little significance to a member of the Dalit, or ‘untouchable’, caste in India as Woolf writes to a universal woman who is like her: w hite, middle class, and intellectually interested. If we are to write about how women sacrifice or are sacrificed we must acknowledge that the degree of sacrifice will differ pertaining to the woman’s circumstances. An upper class woman in England may not sacrifice less than her lower class counterpart, but what she sacrifices will none the less be dependent on her class. The same can be said when referring to nation, the lower class women of England sacrificing differently than the lower class women of Egypt. To compare the significance of sacrifice in Clear Light of Day and Aisha is thus to cross examine differences of women’s individual circumstances. The Das family of Clear Light of Day are presented by Desai as living on the cusps of middle class comfort. Bim, the oldest of four siblings, works as a school teacher to provide for herself and her autistic brother Baba and they now live in their now crumbling family home. During her childhood Bim showed a vitality for life, an interest in poetry and sports and she admired historically strong female figures: ‘Bim of course worshipped Florence Nightingale along with Joan of Arc in her private pantheon of saints and goddesses’.[2] Though her life is not as full of noteworthy events as those of Nightingale or Joan of Arc were, Bim is shown to dream of becoming an independent heroine figure just like them. This dream, however, is sacrificed due to the greater and more aggressive dreams of her brother, Raja. Raja dreams of living a life beyond his family who, as he grows up, he comes to see more and more as dysfunctional and withholding: ‘He felt there could be no hous e as dismal as his own, as dusty and grimy and uncharming. Surely no family could have as much illness contained in it as his’. [Desai, pp. 49] Instead Raja aspires to a world of poetry and intellectual interest, his life directed ‘towards society, company, applause; towards colour, song, charm.’ [Desai, pp. 49] When Raja leaves the Das household to live in Hyderabad, and with her parents and aunt already dead, Bim has to become the head of her household and as such abandons her dreams of living independently from her family. Bim is, according Elaine Yee Lin Ho, representative of a trope in Desai’s works of women who ‘have accepted the grind of domesticity in a familial and cultural situation where other choices do not seem available or the opportunity for seeking them out does not arise’.[3] Bim’s sacrifice of her independence can be read as a knowingly selfless act. Dr. Biswas, the family doctor who attends to Raja while he is ill, sa ys to Bim ‘You have dedicated your life to others – to your sick brother and your aged aunt and your little brother who will be dependent on you all his life. You have sacrificed your own life for them.’ [Desai, pp. 97] But despite the selflessness of her actions Bim resents Raja for making her sacrifice her own life so that he could live as he wishes and Baba has someone to care for him. Though Bim sacrifices her dreams of heroine scale greatness and fame she is never faced with the danger of homelessness, starvation, or a truly measly existence. Her home is guaranteed to her when Raja becomes the owner and landlord of the property, writing to Bim in a letter that ‘you may continue to have it at the same rent, I shall never think of raising it or of selling the house as long as you and Baba need it.’ [Desai, pp. 27] In fact, Bim’s main complaint in life is not that she never got to live a heroic life like that of Florence Nightingale or Joan of Arc, but rather that she is dependent on her brother’s charity to have a home and she thus sees herself as pitied by Raja. When Tara implores Bim to join her in coming to the wedding of Raja’s daughter, Bim says ‘How can I? How can I enter his house – my landlords house? I, such a poor tenant? Because of me, he can’t raise the rent or sell the house and make a profit â€⠀œ imagine that. The sacrifice!’ [Desai, pp. 29] Bim interprets Raja’s promise that she and Baba will be safe as an insult to her sacrifice, insensitive to her considering the fact that she has given up her life to care for Baba. Bim fails to see the honour in her sacrifice, she sees her abandoning her ambition of heroinism as a failing on her part and a consequence of Raja’s selfishness rather than an example of a selfless and caring personality. Jenni Valjento writes that Bim’s ‘martyr-like claiming of home and responsibility [are] the defining components of her personality.’[4] Bim sees living as martyr for her brother as a disgrace, showing a torn mentality as she is able to live selflessly so as to help her family but is unable to respect or appreciate this selflessness. Perhaps Bim’s perception of herself as a wasted martyr for her brother’s aspirations stems from the fact that she had the aspiration and potential to lead a successful life. Guaranteed a stable and safe life due Raja’s owning of the house and her job, Bim sacrifices her lofty aspirations of heroinism knowing that she will never live without. Her socio-economic status allows her to make the selfless sacrifice, it is simply her misconception of her sacrifice that disallows her from living a happy and fulfilled life. Whereas Bim knowingly, albeit bitterly, sacrifices her independence knowing full well that she will never live a life wanting of anything other than said independence, Zeina in Aisha is sacrificed involuntarily. Zeina, the nurse of the titular character Aisha, is married at the age of fifteen to her nineteen year old cousin and the marriage is shown to depersonalize Zeina as a person in her own right. In the marriage Zeina seems secondary to her husband. When her grandmother describes what marriage will mean to her Zeina is told that ‘You’ll be his wife and he’ll be you husband and you’ll serve him and do what he tells you.’[5] The tone in which this is said and the absoluteness of the statement show that Zeina, only a teenager at the time who admits later that ‘I knew nothing of marriage’, has no choice in the matter. [Soueif, pp. 85] Already Zeina has had her independence taken from her, different to how Bim willingly gives it up. Zein a shows very little worry about the marriage, instead becoming wrapped up in the romanticism of marriage and the supposed glamour of the ceremony. She says that ‘My bridal box had been ready for years’, and, as she is only fifteen at the time, this shows how Zeina’s whole life, what little of it there has been so far, has been gearing up for the moment of her marriage. However, the romanticism of the marriage ceremony is soon overruled by what comes to resemble a sacrificial ceremony centered around Zeina’s virginity. Zeina’s recounts the involvement of a Mashta, who Zeina describes as ‘the woman who comes to adorn the bride’. [Soueif, pp. 86] Zeina is prepared for the marriage ceremony by having her body stripped of hair so as to make her more sexually appealing to her husband: ‘The hair on your legs and your body, to make you nice and smooth for the bridegroom.’ [Soueif, pp. 87] Zeina describes the process as horrible and painful, saying that ‘I struggle up but they held me down and the Mashta went on spreading the paste and tearing it off while I cried and screamed until I was completely clean.’ [Soueif, pp. 89] Zeina, who earlier looked at the marriage as exciting and romantic, is clearly shown not to be the subject of the marriage. The marriage is not at all about her marrying for her own in terests but rather her husband having his needs met. The ceremony itself continues this presentation of cruelty and barbarism when Zeina’s virginity is tested: ‘I lay there squirming and crying in gasps as he knelt down and forced his bandaged finger into me, working it round and round and in and out as I screamed and scream. Finally he took it out. The bandage was soaked with blood.’ [Soueif, pp. 91 – 92] The whole of this sacrificial scene is normalized in Zeina’s narrative as if it were totally ordinary. Zeina is presented as being lower class through her job as a nurse to Aisha, as well through her husband’s inherited family business: ‘He was a butcher like his father’. [Soueif, pp. 85] Later on she almost seems to look back nostalgically at the scene. ‘â€Å"They told me to undress and I was so shy,† said Zeina, laughing.’ [Soueif, pp. 87] The fact that she laughs remembering how she was cruelly humiliated during the Mashta’s waxing suggests she feels she was naà ¯ve back then; she undermines her own shyness, apprehension, and fear. Her protests, her displays of independence or secession from the marriage, are dismissed by her aunt: ‘Come on, Zeina, don’t be a spoilt child.’ To protest against an unwanted marriage and stand up for oneself is shown to ‘spoilt’, therefore suggesting that a gratef ul child, or one who is aware of their own place, should accept the marriage and be thankful for it. Zeina’s story shows that being symbolically sacrificed through a violent marriage ceremony is normalized within her community, rural lower class Egyptians. She shows little awareness that she completely lacked autonomy during the process and that her life is defined by her husband. Zeina’s circumstances, drastically different and noticeably harsher than Bim’s, puts her in no position to make sacrifices, but rather only be the sacrifice. Though Clear Light of Day and Aisha show that a woman’s individual circumstances are integral factors to the nature of the sacrifice that she will make or be made of, both texts also show that sacrifice permeates the life of women despite issues of intersectionality. As sacrifice is a constant factor in their lives, women are not only the subjects of sacrifice but often are the instigators or partakers of sacrifice. The French philosopher Simone de Beauvoir writes that ‘Patriarchal society, for example, being centered upon the conversation of the patrimony, implies necessarily, along with those who own and transmit wealth, the existence of men and women who take property away from its owners and put it into circulation.’[6] By writing ‘men and women’ Beauvoir acknowledges how women, just as much as men, are integral to the continuation of patriarchal processes, sacrifice being no exception. Still, even when women are not the subject of sacrifice, inte rsectionality plays a role in how they relate to it. Tara, Bim’s younger sister, is presented as more stereotypically feminine, meek, and unambitious than her sister: ‘Tara did not tell her that she hoped never to have to do anything in the world, that she wanted only to hide under Aunt Mira’s quilt or behind the shrubs in the garden and never be asked to come out and do anything, prove herself to be anything.’ [Desai, pp. 126] Tara has no ambition or dream in the world other than escape her life in Old Dehli and she achieves this through marrying Bakul who becomes a foreign diplomat. By marrying, much like Raja, Tara leaves Bim to care for Bakul and is therefore equally as implicit in necessitating Bim’s sacrifice of her ambition as Raja is. As can be seen in Zeina’s marriage ceremony, women are also involved in the more brutal elements of symbolic female sacrifice. The women that Zeina trusts, her aunt and her grandmother, are involved with the humiliating act of the Mashta’s waxing: â €˜I held on to my grandmother, but she pulled up my shift and my aunt took it off me’. [Soueif, pp. 87] They are then involved in the even crueler marriage ceremony along with other women: ‘Suddenly four women surrounded me and pulled me to the floor. One pinned down my shoulders while the other held on to my waist and my aunt and grandmother pulled off my knickers.’ [Soueif, pp. 91] As Amin Malak writes, Zeina is ‘shocked by the violence and force used by female family members present in the wedding chamber to help the groom penetrate her with his bandaged finger so that the blood-soaked bandage can be exhibited as a sign of the virginity of the bride’.[7] It is clear to see that women are active in necessitating the sacrifices of other women and partaking in the sacrifice of women, yet differences of intersectionality once again arise. Tara’s marriage is not the single cause of her sister’s sacrifice. Much like Bim, she perceives Raja as the main cause and urges Bim to forgive their brother through disposing of the insulting letter: ‘Don’t put it back there to take out and look at and hold against Raja. Tear it up, Bim, throw it away’. [Desai, pp. 29] Tara’s leaving of her family through marrying a man whose careers means he must spend nearly all of his time away from his home country make her just as much a cause in the sacrifice made by Bim as Raja; she too abandoned her sister and brother. However, due to the passive nature of her involvement in necessitating Bim’s sacrifice, something as normalized within society as marriage, Tara seems totally unaware of this involvement. This is in stark contrast to the women who aid in the brutal sacrifice of Zeina who are instinctively aware of what they are doing to her and actively partake. Tara’s involvement in Bim’s sacrifice can go unnoticed as her socio-economic status deems marrying and leaving the family unit as an integral part of her female identity, while in the much lower socio-economically positioned family of Zeina the family unit is an active participant in sacrifice. The individual circumstances of women, once again, is shown to be intrinsically linked with the nature of female orientated sacrifice. The difference in a woman’s individual circumstances in relation to sacrifice is the difference between making a sacrifice and being a sacrifice. Bim, due to the safety net put in place for her by her brother and through the income of her teaching job, has the freedom to make a sacrifice so as to selflessly support her elder brother and care for her younger one. Meanwhile Zeina, due to customs of her community, is made a sacrifice of against her will. To say that the issue of intersectionality changes the way in which women sacrifice or are sacrificed is not to negate the experiences of some women. Bim’s sacrifice, though voluntary, is not fair. Rather, to note the differences that arise from intersectionality is to provide validity to the experiences of all women, to recognise that issues of sexism range much wider than the simple notion that ‘women are oppressed’. Raising the issue of intersectionality in feminist thought is to attempt to limit the level of disenfranchisement within that school of thought, and to include all women in a discourse that seeks to liberate them. Works Cited [1] Judith Butler, Gender Trouble, (New York: Routledge, 1999), pp. 8 [2] Anita Desai, Clear Light of Day, (London; Penguin, 1980), pp. 126 [3] Elaine Yee Lin Ho, Anita Desai, (Devon; Northcote House, 2006), pp. 21 [4] Jenni Valjento, ‘Staying, Leaving, Returning: The Interconnectedness of Female Identites in Anita Desai’s Clear Light of Day’, in Critical Responses to Anita Desai, ed. by Shubha Tiwari, (New Dehli; Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 2004), pp. 186 [5] Ahdaf Soueif, Aisha, (London; Bloomsbury, 1995), pp. 85 [6] Simone de Beauvoir, ‘The Second Sex’, The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism, ed. by Vincent B. Leitch (New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2010), pp. 1266 [7] Amin Malek, ‘Arab-Muslim Feminism and the Narrative of Hybridity: The Fiction of Ahdaf Soueif’, Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, Issue No. 20 (2000), pp. 142